Oldest Ancient Civilizations of the World

Sumerian Civilization (Mesopotamia): Considered the world's first civilization, dating back to around 4500 BCE. Known for inventing writing (cuneiform), establishing city-states, and creating impressive architectural structures like ziggurats.

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Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization): Flourished in the Indus River Valley from around 3300 to 1300 BCE. Known for its well-planned cities, advanced drainage systems, and unique script that is yet to be fully deciphered.

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Ancient Egyptian Civilization: One of the most iconic ancient civilizations that thrived along the Nile River from around 3100 BCE. Known for its monumental architecture (pyramids, temples), hieroglyphic writing, and complex religious beliefs.

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Ancient Chinese Civilization: Dating back to around 2100 BCE, it is one of the oldest continuous civilizations. Known for inventions like paper, gunpowder, and the Great Wall of China, as well as philosophical and cultural contributions.

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Ancient Greek Civilization: Flourished from around 800 BCE to 146 BCE, leaving a lasting impact on Western civilization. Known for its advancements in philosophy, democracy, literature, and architecture (Parthenon).

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Ancient Persian Civilization: The Persian Empire emerged around 550 BCE and became one of the largest and most powerful in history. Known for its centralized administration, tolerance, and construction of grand structures like Persepolis.

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Ancient Mayan Civilization: Flourished in Mesoamerica from around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. Known for its impressive architectural achievements, intricate calendar system, and advancements in mathematics and astronomy.

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Ancient Roman Civilization: Spanning from around 753 BCE to 476 CE, it had a profound influence on politics, law, engineering, and culture. Known for its monumental architecture (Colosseum, aqueducts), impressive road networks, and legal system.

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Ancient Aztec Civilization: Flourished in Central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century CE. Known for their complex social structure, advanced agricultural practices, and impressive architectural feats like Tenochtitlan.

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Ancient Inca Civilization: Flourished in the Andean region from the 13th to the 16th century CE. Known for their advanced engineering skills (Machu Picchu), agricultural terraces, and extensive road networks.

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