Neutrinos are released in abundant amounts in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) from the particle collisions that take place in it. But, no such observation of those neutrinos has been made until now.
The FASER collaboration changed this paradigm by announcing its results of the first detection of collider Neutrinos, at this year’s Electroweak session of Rencontres de Moriond, this happened within nine months after the start of the Large Hadron Collider Run 3 and after their measurement campaign began. In detail, they detected Muon Neutrinos and candidate events of electron neutrinos.
FASAR’s Co-Spokesperson Jamie Boyd explained that their statistical significance is 16 sigma which far exceeds 5 sigma which is the threshold for discoveries in particle physics.
On top of detecting collider neutrinos, the FASER collaboration also presented results on the search for dark photons. After getting a null result, they began to exclude regions that are motivated by dark matter and also set limits on the previously unexplored parameter space.
FASER and SND@ Large Hadron Collider Neutrino Detections
The above image shows the FASER detector at the top and the SND detector at LHC at the bottom of the image.
FASER is one of the two new experiments to detect neutrinos that are produced from proton-proton collisions from ATLAS that are situated at either side of the ATLAS cavern or call it a giant underground cave. The SND detector at Large Hadron Collider a complementary experiment also detected 8 muon neutrino candidate events and reported its findings at Moriond.
SND@LHC spokesperson Giovanni De Lellis added that they are still working on the assessment and analysis of systematic uncertainties in the background. It is a very preliminary result and so the observation can be claimed to be the level of 5 sigmas he said.
Just in time for the start of LHC Run 3, The SND@LHC was incorporated into the Large Hadron Collider tunnel.
Only the neutrinos coming from space, Earth, nuclear reactors, or fixed-target experiments have been studied by neutrino experiments until now. The solar neutrinos and reactor neutrinos have lower energies compared to highly energetic astrophysical neutrinos that are studied at the Ice Cube Neutrino Experiment at the south pole.
Fixed-Target Experiments like the CERN are in the energy spectrum of up to a few GeV ( Giga Electron Volts ). The FASER and SND@LHC will narrow the gap between the highly energetic astrophysical neutrinos and fixed-target experiments hence covering a much higher energy spectrum between a few hundred GeV and several TeV.
The study of High Energy Neutrinos from Astrophysical sources is one of the unexplored topics in physics to which they will contribute. The mechanism of the neutrinos at Large Hadron Collider as well as their center of mass energy is indeed the same for very high-energy neutrinos which are produced from the collisions of cosmic rays with the atmosphere.
These collisions in the atmosphere constitute a background for the observation and detection of astrophysical neutrinos. The observations and data from the measurements made by FASER and SND@LHC can be used to precisely and accurately estimate that background, which in turn will pave the way for the observation of Astrophysical Neutrinos.
Measuring the production rates of all three types of neutrinos is another application of these searches. The experiments conducted will test their interaction mechanism universality by measuring and observing the ratio of different neutrino particles that exist produced by the same parent particle.
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